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1 Marsh, Sylvester
[br]b. 30 September 1803 Campton, New Hampshire, USAd. 30 December 1884 Concord, New Hampshire, USA[br]American pioneer of mountain rack railways.[br]Marsh, a businessman whose interests successively included packing pork and dealing in corn, was inspired by a rack railway built in 1847 up the 1 in 16.5 Jefferson incline, Indiana, to design and build a line to the 6,293 ft (1,918 m) summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire. The gradient averaged 1 in 4 and Marsh installed a rack made from wrought iron with rungs fastened between upright bearers that were deep enough for the teeth of a locomotive's driving pinion to engage with two rungs at a time; counter-pressure brakes controlled a locomotive's descent. The Mount Washington Cog Railway was the first mountain rack railway: it opened in 1869 and even now continues to operate with steam locomotives.[br]BibliographyMarsh took out four US patents relating to rack railways between 1861 and 1870.Further ReadingO.J.Morris, 1951, The Snowdon Mountain Railway, Shepperton: Ian Allan. P.B.Whitehouse, J.B.Snell and J.B.Hollingsworth, 1978, Steam for Pleasure, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.J.R.Day and B.C.Wilson, 1957, Unusual Railways, F.Muller.See also: Riggenbach, NiklausPJGR -
2 Land transport
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Austin, HerbertHamilton, Harold LeeIssigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold ConstantineMa JunMorris, William RichardSauerbrun, Charles de -
3 Railways and locomotives
Biographical history of technology > Railways and locomotives
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4 Riggenbach, Niklaus
[br]b. 21 May 1817 Gebweiler, Alsaced. 25 July 1899 Olten, Switzerland[br]Swiss locomotive engineer and pioneer of mountain rack railways.[br]Riggenbach came from a Basle family and was educated in Basle, Lyons and Paris, where he was so impressed by the new railway to Saint-Germain that he decided to devote himself to work in that field. He worked for Kessler's locomotive works in Karlsruhe, which built the first locomotives for the Zurich-Baden Railway. This was the first railway in Switzerland and when it was opened in 1847 Riggenbach drove the first train. He subsequently became Locomotive Superintendent of the Swiss Central Railway, and the problems of operating a steeply graded line solely by adhesion led him to develop a rack railway which incorporated a ladder rack similar to that of Sylvester Marsh. However, it was only after the Swiss Consul in Washington had reported enthusiastically on the Mount Washington Cog Railway that Riggenbach and associates were able to get a concession for their first line, which was laid up the Rigi mountain and was opened in 1871. That same year Riggenbach opened a quarry railway operated for the first time by a mixture of rack and adhesion. From this start, rack railways were built widely in Switzerland and to a lesser extent in many other parts of the world. His Rigi railway continues to operate.[br]BibliographyRiggenbach patented his rack railway in 1863.Further ReadingRiggenbach's type of counter-pressure brakes is described in Transactions of the Newcomen Society 55:13.M.Dietschy, 1971, "Le Chemin de fer du Rigi à 100 ans", Chemins defer régionaux eturbains 106.O.J.Morris, 1951, The Snow don Mountain Railway, Ian Allan.See also: Abt, RomanPJGR
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